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Introduction to Vacuum Techniques : X4 : 1st Year Undergraduate Experiments in Physical ChemistryThis page provides an introduction to vacuum techniques,
including general information, safety notes and instructions for several
experiments (PDF format, Adobe Reader required). It is one of five practicals in
a first year practical course at Oxford University. Vacuum Technology Page
This page provides numerous links, organised by category, to
Web resources relevant to vacuum technology. Link categories include: amateur;
basics; dry pumps; literature; mass spectrometry; societies; software;
suppliers; surface science. The page is intended as an aid to students of a high
vacuum technology course at The University of Alberta Electrical and Computer
Engineering Department. It is maintained by Roy Schmaus; a Vacuum Technology
Technician. Vacuum Technology : MSE 480/580 Experimental Methods for Microstructural Analysis
A tutorial on vacuum technology as part of a course at the
Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Arizona. The
tutorial covers the fundamentals of a vacuum, producing a vacuum, and why a
vacuum is used in electron microscopy. Vacuum Techniques : Physical Chemistry Laboratory
Vacuum techniques is one of the experiments for a physical
chemistry laboratory course by Sergey Cheskis and Michael Urbakh within the
chemistry degree at Tel Aviv University. The page includes an introduction, a
full theory and experimental section, a set of quiz questions and literature
references. Vacuum Techniques and Thin Film Deposition : Experiment 3 : Caltech Senior Physics Laboratory : Ph77a/bThis site by the California Institute of Technology is part
of a parent site that provides the information that is given to their students
in the senior year for their laboratory experiments. This experiment aims to
give the students practise with vacuum equipment. The experiment involves the
growth of a silver thin film on a glass substrate and requires the use of a
vacuum chamber. The notes provide information about vacuum chambers, the
background physics of pressure and gas flow, and information on vacuum pumps,
pressure measurement techniques and apparatus, and thin film growth. The
information is completed with several diagrams, and a list of exercises and
question to be answered at the end of the experiment. The notes are in PDF
format (Adobe Reader required). AVS (American Vacuum Society) Reference GuideThe AVS Reference Guide provides access to a range of
vacuum-related information. This includes: a buyers' guide; twelve interactive
Javascript conversion calculators (density, length, refrigeration, area, volume,
weight, power, energy, specific energy, pressure, temperature, throughput and
leak rate); working pressure ranges of vacuum pumps and gauges; periodic tables;
various tables (units of measurement, spectra library, vapour pressure, optical
emission spectral lines by element and wavelength); and a glossary. Short History of Vacuum Terminology and TechnologyThis website, compiled by McAllister Technical Services,
contains two sections. This first contains short biographies of a number of
famous mathematicians and chemists. There are also a number of charts giving the
vapour pressure of various elements. The second section contains a detailed
explanation of vacuum terminology and equipment (rotary pumps, mechanical
boosters, molecular pumps, diffusion pumps, sputter ion pumps). Horror Vacui? The Discovery of the Weight of Air, and the Existence of the Vacuum : a Tribute to Evangelista TorricelliThis illustrated online exhibit traces the history of the
study of the vacuum including details of historical experiments (siphon
experiment, Torricelli's barometric experiment, void within a void, Magdeburg
hemispheres, sound of bells in a vacuum, swelling bladders, falling weights in a
vacuum). 'Horror Vacui' is a project of the Institute and Museum of the History
of Science, Florence, Italy. The site is also available in Italian. Pfeiffer Vacuum Technology AGBased in Germany, Pfeiffer Vacuum Technology AG deals in the development, production, marketing and service of components and systems for vacuum technology. This site, which is also available in German, gives
information about the company, its history, and products, which include pumps,
valves, and measurement systems. Press releases, product catalogues and
financial information are also available. Vacuum Engineering ServicesVacuum Engineering Services is based in Manchester, England. It specialises in the design and manufacture of helium leak detection systems and bespoke vacuum systems. The site includes descriptions and diagrams of the methods
used in leak detection as well as descriptions of products. Properties of the Vacuum : Part 1 : Mechanical and ThermodynamicReproduced from a 1983 paper in Annals of Physics, Stephen
Wolfram provides a discussion of Casimir energies for quantised fields in
cavities with a variety of forms. The author discusses the possibility of
negative mass energies and also looks at the energy and entropy of finite
quantum systems. Gluonic Vacuum TexturesThis site by Kurt Langfeld from the Institute for Theoretical
Physics, Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Tubingen, provides information about
instantons. Theoretical foundations are presented with reference to quantum
field theory and Yang-Mills theory. Interactions and the resulting condensed
state are also explored. Frequently Asked Questions : Pressure and VacuumThis Web page is provided by the National Physical Laboratory
and gives answers to frequently asked questions on the subjects of pressure and
vacuums. Topics covered include units of pressure, pressure modes and ranges,
atmospheric pressure and barometry, pressure balances and calibration. Electron TubesA chapter from a free Internet textbook (Lessons In Electric
Circuits - Volume III by Tony R Kuphaldt) introducing the concept of vacuum or
electron tubes and their role in electronics. Topics covered include: early tube
history, the triode, the tetrode, beam power tubes, the pentode, combination
tubes, tube parameters, ionisation (gas filled) tubes, display tubes, microwave
tubes, and tubes versus semiconductors. Heinrich GeisslerThis biography of Heinrich Geissler, taken from Eugenii
Katz's history of electricity and electrochemistry resource, includes details of
his inventions; these include a forerunner of the mercury vacuum pump, and the
Geissler tube. The site contains many illustrations of the tubes, together with
links to other resources. John Ambrose FlemingA pioneer in the fields of electronics and engineering,
Fleming invented the thermionic valve (vacuum diode) and contributed to the
study of photometry. This biography, written by Eugenii Katz, covers Fleming's
life and career and includes a long treatise on the invention of the thermionic
valve. Illustrations, photographs, a bibliography and links to related sites are
also included. Lee de ForestThis biography of American physicist de Forest covers his
work with radio and electronic technology, particularly the invention of the
audion vacuum tube, the first commercially-successful amplifier. The site
includes many photographs and illustrations, links to other resources about the
audion, and pointers to other biographies of de Forest. It is taken from Katz's
larger history of electricity and electrochemistry resource. Intermediate Lab : PHYS 317/318This site from the Physics Department, University of
Virginia, provides laboratory scripts for ten experiments on atomic
spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), holography, gamma ray
detection and coincidence measurements, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),
optical diffraction, optical pumping, vacuum techniques, X-ray diffraction
(XRD), and the Zeeman effect. The scripts provide a description of the
equipment, guidelines to perform the experiment and several references. The BOC GroupThe BOC Group is an international company based in the UK.
Its key business areas are gases, semiconductors, vacuum technology, supply
chain solutions and the Afrox chain of private hospitals in South Africa. The
site gives access to an overview of the company and its divisions with Flash
presentations for each. The BOC Gases Technical Data handbook is available in
PDF format. News is available along with information for suppliers and partners
as well as customers. Contact details are given. Graham Engineering AnswersThis company site includes a technical library with PDF format full-text articles on vacuum and heat transfer equipment for process industries. There are descriptions and photos of vacuum, surface
condenser and heat transfer products. A list of job vacancies within the company
is provided. Introductions to Many Surface Science TechniquesThis site, from the UK Surface Analysis Forum, provides brief
descriptions and links to further information for a large number of experimental
techniques, covering microscopy, spectroscopy, and other surface science
techniques. Otto van GuerickeOtto van Guericke was a renowned physicist who invented the
air pump, viewed electroluminescence, and built the first machine to create an
electric spark. This biography by Eugenii Katz describes Guericke's life and
career, and is richly illustrated with diagrams and photographs. Links to a
number of related resources are also provided. Introduction to Electronic Emission, Tubes and Power Supplies : Module 06 : Naval Electrical Engineering Training Series (NEETS)Electron tubes and power supplies are introduced. Multiple
choice questions are provided (without answers). This resource is part of
Integrated Publishing's collection of free online books and manuals, mostly US
military specifications and educational publications. Subscriptions are required
to download the documents, which can also be purchased on CD. Centre for Applied MicrotechnologyThe mission of CAM, a joint activity of The University of Washington and The Washington Technology Centre, is to promote microtechnological education, research, and industrial activity in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. The CAM site contains a document explaining the rationale
behind the Centre, details of personnel, a News page, information on
conferences, and links to sites of related interest. In addition, details of
microfabrication at CAM are provided. These include a description of soft
lithography and five related processes (with a bibliography), and a process
tutorial, in PDF format, providing an overview of microfabrication
manufacturing. A glossary and links to other sites are included in the tutorial.
Case Technology - Ion ImplantationThis resource guide site includes links to tutorials,
publications, university sites, organisations, news, commercial sites and
personal home pages covering ion implantation and semiconductors. AVS : The Science and Technology SocietyThe AVS Science and Technology Society is a nonprofit
organisation which promotes communication, dissemination of knowledge,
recommended practices, research, and education in the use of vacuum and other
controlled environments to develop new materials, process technology, devices,
and related understanding of material properties for the betterment of humanity.
Its website provides details of the society and its activities, together with:
journals information (Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, Surface Science
Spectra, access to journals' contents is restricted to members and subscribers);
a newsletter in PDF format; educational materials; a reference guide; a buyers'
guide; details of events and jobs; and links to related sites. Lecture Notes on Surfaces and Thin FilmsThese lecture notes by John A Venables, originated in
conjunction with lectures given at ASU in Spring 1996, and at EPFL in Fall 1997,
and have been subsequently updated and used as a basis for a textbook. The notes
can be downloaded in Word format. They cover: an introduction to surface
processes; surfaces in vacuum - UHV techniques; techniques for examining
surfaces; electric and magnetic processes at metal surfaces; electronic and
optical processes at semiconductor surfaces; surface processes in adsorption;
and surface processes in epitaxial growth. Introduction to Surface Analysis, Special Topics in Analytical ChemistryThis website is the home page for the 'Special Topics in
Analytical Chemistry' course run by Simon Garrett at Michigan State University.
The site contains a number of different features, including lecture notes,
problem sets and links to sites explaining different aspects of surface analysis
and surface chemistry. The notes and problems are in PDF format. Topics covered
include: an introduction and pressure measurement; ultrahigh vacuum (UHV)
chambers and pumping hardware; ideal surfaces; real surfaces; adsorption, order
and coverage; low energy electron diffraction (LEED); reflection high-energy
electron diffraction (RHEED); scanning probe microscopy (SPM); X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); auger electron spectroscopy (AES); vibrational
spectroscopy; incident ion techniques; and temperature programmed desorption
(TPD). Introduction to Surface ChemistryDr Roger Nix's course provides a general introduction to
surface chemistry. There are seven main topics covered: structure of metallic
surfaces; adsorption of molecules on surfaces; the Langmuir isotherm; UHV
(ultra-high vacuum) and effects of gas pressure; surface analytical techniques;
overlayer structures and surface diffraction; surface imaging and depth
profiling. There are sub-sections devoted to microscopy and a range of
spectroscopic techniques, and examples provided where applicable. Patterns in Nature (Light and Optics)Patterns in Nature (Light and Optics) is a learning support
material developed at the University of Arizona. The resource addresses the
following subject areas: path of light; rainbows; photography with a pinhole
camera; blue skies and white clouds; reflection of light; colour, thin films,
and interference; refraction of light; polarised light; optical spectroscopy and
neon lights; lenses and geometrical optics; visible light and X-rays; infrared
(IR) and ultraviolet (UV) light; X-radiography; Fresnel lenses; X-rays: Earth,
Moon, and Mars; life cycle of the photon; photoelectric effect; colour;
electrons in atoms; colour and light; sources of light; composition of colour;
lasers; holograms; optical and electron microscopy; vacuum technology; scanning
probe microscopy. Evangelista TorricelliThis site from the Institute and Museum of the History of
Science, Florence, Italy, edited by Egidio Festa, provides an illustrated
description of the life and work of Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647), famed
for work on the existence of the vacuum. Other areas of study included geometry,
the laws of motion, the invention of the mercury barometer, and the development
of techniques for producing telescope lenses. The site is also available in
Italian. Charged Particle BeamsThe book 'Charged Particle Beams' was originally published by John Wiley and Sons (ISBN 0-471-60014-8, QC786.H86) in 1990. The author has made available the unabridged book with all illustrations in PDF format and grants individuals the right to download a single copy of the book in digital format for their personal use. Topics covered include: phase space description of charged particle beams, beam emittance, beam-generated forces, electron and ion guns, high-power pulsed electron and ion diodes, paraxial beam transport with space-charge, high-current electron beam transport under vacuum, ion beam neutralisation, electron beams in plasmas, transverse and longitudinal instabilities, and generation of radiation with electron beams.http://www.fieldp.com/cpb/cpb.html Physical Chemistry LaboratoryA physical chemistry laboratory course within the chemistry degree at Tel Aviv University is represented here through pages detailing the complete list of experiments, a description of the course, a laboratory schedule, safety rules and a note on the final reports. Experiments include: spectrum of the hydrogen atom, vacuum techniques, explosion-chain-branching reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, inversion of sucrose, laser experiment, thermodynamics of iodine sublimation, conductance of solutions, spring semester, absorption and laser induced fluorescence spectra of molecular iodine, gas adsorption, chemical kinetics, acetone iodination, heat conductivity in gases and critical opalescence in binary solutions. All experiments include a full theory and experimental section and most also have a set of quiz questions and references.http://www.tau.ac.il/~phchlab/long.html MSE 480/580 Experimental Methods for Microstructural AnalysisThis website was prepared to accompany a course by Dr Supapan Seraphin, Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of
Arizona. The site provides a course summary, course notes and Java applets
(Bragg's Law, beamshift, beam convergence angle, condenser). The notes cover:
vacuum technology, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy,
X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray counters, transmission electron
microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, scanning
auger microscopy, auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,
Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, atomic
force microscopy and neutron scattering. IEICE Transactions on ElectronicsThe website of the journal 'IEICE Transactions on
Electronics' (print ISSN: 0916-8524, online ISSN: 1745-1353) published by the
Institute of Electronics Information and Communication Engineers in association
with Oxford University Press, is part of Oxford journals online. This journal
covers the topics: integrated circuits, semiconductor materials and devices,
quantum electronics, optoelectronics, superconductive electronics, electronic
displays, microwave and millimetre wave technologies, vacuum and beam
technologies, recording and memory technologies and electromagnetic theory. The
site provides subscription information, and a search facility. Contents lists
and abstracts may be browsed; access to full-text is available to subscribers.
Plasma Devices and Operations'Plasma Devices and Operations' (ISSN print 1051-9998, online
1029-4929) is published by Taylor and Francis quarterly. The journal aims to
publish the latest information in plasma technology and its applications, such
as plasma accelerators, neutral beam and radio frequency heating systems,
inertial plasma confinement systems, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) devices, vacuum
technology, structural materials and magnet systems. The website of the journal
provides subscription details, and contents lists and abstracts from volume 10
(2002). Access to full-text is available to subscribers or by purchase of
individual articles. Students should check whether their university/academic
institution is a subscriber. Atoms and Molecules at SurfacesA detailed set of lecture notes on surface physics with a
basic introduction to the subject. All notes are cross referenced and provide
links to other related materials. The subjects covered include surface energy,
vacuum technology, adsorption, energy states at the surface, and analytical
techniques. These techniques cover scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), low
energy electron diffraction (LEED), reflection high energy electron diffraction
(RHEED), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy
(AES), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and scanning tunnelling
microscopy (STM). Also included are a set of problem sheets to challenge the
student. Materials Science and Metallurgy On-Line LibraryThe Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy at the
University of Cambridge is establishing an online library which contains
background information to some of their lecture courses. Information for
undergraduate includes: aluminium-silicon alloys, aluminium-copper alloys,
decarburization microstructures, recrystallisation microstructures, annealing
twins, metallographic preparation, the Kirkendall effect, bainite, creative
design, dendritic solidification, hyperbolic tangents, innovation in rail steel,
and materials aspects of microdevices, plus some lecture notes, question sheets
and handouts. There is also information on vacuum techniques for graduates More
material will be added as it is collected. Journal of Micromechanics and MicroengineeringThis journal is published by The Institute of Physics. Covering microelectronics and vacuum microelectronics, this journal focuses on fundamental work at the structural, devices and systems levels, including new developments in practical applications.. The site has details on the scope of the journal, and
abstract (secondary sources) and ordering information. Tables of contents and
selected full-text featured articles are freely available. The full-text
journals are available to subscribing institutions only. A sample copy of the
journal can be ordered. e-Journal of Surface Science and NanotechnologyThe full-text of this free electronic Journal is available from this site as well as an archive of past issues. It publishes research papers on fundamental theory and
experiments at frontiers of science and technology relating to surfaces,
interfaces, thin films, fine particles, nanowires, nanotubes, and other
nanometer-scale structures, and their interdisciplinary areas such as crystal
growth, vacuum technology, and so on. It covers their physics, chemistry,
biology, material science, and their applications to advanced technology for
computations, communications, memory, catalysis, sensors, bio- and medical
purposes, energy and environmental problems. Articles are in PDF. Outgassing Data for Selecting Spacecraft Materials OnlineThis site features a database of outgassing data of materials
intended for spacecraft use, obtained at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)
Materials Engineering Branch, and utilising equipment developed at Stanford
Research Institue (SRI) under contract to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
The site provides a system description, and the possibility to download the
entire Outgassing database. The Outgassing Materials Search function provides
the capabilility to search all across materials tested at GSFC for determining
the mass loss in a vacuum and for collecting the outgassed products. A ‘
Manufacturer Lookup Â' allows to search on manufacturer name or code, or to
browse the manufacturer list. There are also category and alphabetical listings
and a report documentation page. |